The application layer Multicast (ALM) is an alternative and deployable approach to IP multicasting. Topology awareness link stress and delay stretch considerably, therefore it is a very important metric for ALM. This work describes a novel, highly stable and low overhead ALM approach using a binning technique to cluster nearby receivers, referred to as Bincast. Bincast uses a constant number of landmarks to cluster nearby nodes. Then, it constructs a k-ary Tree between cluster members. The most stable node is selected as the head of each cluster. Cluster heads are connected to the source through a higher level Tree. Detailed performance evaluation revealed that Bincast has a lower delay stretch than similar methods with approximately the same stress. Besides, it is more stable due to the selection of stable nodes as cluster heads.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Ethylen glycol tetra acetic acid (EGTA) and EDTA for their smear layer removal capability using scanning electron microscopy technique.Material and Methods: A group of 28 single rooted teeth were instrumented to size 60 master file. Four teeth were also kept as control while the remaining teeth were divided into two groups. Group A: in which 12teeth were irrigated with 10 ml of 17% EGTA for 2 minutes? Group B: consisted of 12teeth irrigated with 10 ml of 17% EDTA for 2 minutes. Both groups were then irrigated with 10 ml of 5% Naocl. the control group were just irrigated with 10 ml of 5 % Naocl. All teeth in then the control group were only irrigated with 10 ml of 5% Nacl. Specimeus were then sectioned longitudinally. A scanning electrone microscope was wsed to in vetig ate the intenal surfaces of the canal.Results: EGTA chelated dentin surface more conservatively than EDTA without causing erosion.Conclusion: It seems that EGTA can be used safely to remove smear layer from the canal surfaces.

The objective of this study was to investigate utilization of pomegranate pruning residues as the core layer of the three layer particleboard. The percentage of the pomegranate residues varied as 100, 65 and 35% in the core layer of the eucalypt particleboard and three resin levels of 8, 10 and 12 % (based on the weight of the wood particles) were applied in the core layer. Resin dosage in the surface layer was kept at 12%. The strength and physical properties were measured and analyzed applying factorial model based on completely randomized design. The results revealed that if 65% pomegranate residues are used in the core layer, the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity were the highest and the combined effect of both variables on the properties were statistically significant. The highest value of the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity obtained in the case of 10% resin in the core layer and 100% pomegranate residues followed by 8% resin in the core layer and 65% pomegranate residues. The combined effect of both variables on internal bonding of the boards was statistically significant and the highest internal bonding was reached if 8% resin and 65% pomegranate residues were used in the core layer. The effect of resin dosage on thickness swelling after 24 hours immersion in water was statistically significant. The results indicated that pomegranate Tree pruning could be used for the particleboard manufacturing.

In this study, the possibility of using chick-pea straw residues for manufacturing three-layer particleboards was studied. The amounts of chick-pea straw in mixture with industrial particles were (%25:75), (%40:60), (%55:45) respectively. Urea formaldehyde (100%) and Melamin urea formaldehyde at different ratios of MF/UF were used as binders. The resin were applied at two levels of (%8, 10) in core and two levels of (%10, 12) in surface layers, based on oven dried weight of particles. Mechanical and physical properties of boards (Modulus of rupture, Modulus of elasticity, internal bonding and thickness swelling and water absorption after 2, 24 hours soaking in water) were measured and data were analyzed, statistically. The results indicated that increase of chick-pea straw lead to incnement of bending strength and modulus of elasticity. Also the increase of resin content and use of melamin urea formaldehyde resin caused to improve mechanical and physical properties. In general, the use of chick-pea straw in mixture with industrial particles up to 55%, and resin content of (10, 12%) in core and surface layers, resulted in producing boards with appropriate mechanical properties which are suitable for interior uses.

Environment and its conservation is one of the present issues in risky modern life. Although, the present world has been improving during last years, it hasn’t been able to solve environmental problems and it has caused its deterioration. Littering in jungle, seashore, public places and passages is one of the significant environmental issues in society of Iran. The Purpose of the present study is investigation of the reasons of littering formation by the approach of Causal layered Analyses (CLA) and planning scenario. The present study analyzed the layers forming the present social issue and searched the origin of it. In order to accomplish this study, 15 experts in environment and society were interviewed by Qualitative and exploring method and applying deep interview technique. Then, after exploiting the contents and content analysis of interviews, their opinions presented in 4 forms as litany, systematic, discourse analysis and metaphor. By applying the present discourses, the gap between state-people and people-people were recognized as important variables and were applied in presenting scenario. Finally 4 scenarios presented in a diagram which can help strategists and officials of the society.

Medicinal plants contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal plants, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.